Understanding Sore Throats: Causes, Symptoms & Remedies
A sore throat is one of the most common symptoms people experience, especially during the colder months or when allergies are high. While often mild and short-lived, a sore throat can also be a sign of something more serious, such as a bacterial infection.
So, what are the common causes, typical symptoms, and most effective remedies for sore throats?
What Is a Sore Throat?
A sore throat refers to pain, scratchiness, or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow. It can affect the pharynx (pharyngitis), tonsils (tonsillitis), or larynx (laryngitis), depending on the cause.
Common Causes of Sore Throats1
Understanding the cause of a sore throat helps determine the best treatment. The most common causes include:
-
Viral Infections
The majority of sore throats are caused by viruses such as:
- The common cold
- Influenza (flu)
- COVID-19
- Mononucleosis
These infections are typically self-limiting and resolve within 5–7 days.
-
Bacterial Infections
A sore throat caused by group A Streptococcus (strep throat). It is more common in children, but can affect adults too. Unlike viral infections, strep throat may require antibiotics.
Signs of strep may include:
- White patches on tonsils
- Fever without a cough
- Swollen, tender lymph nodes
-
Environmental or Lifestyle Factors
- Dry indoor air or seasonal changes
- Smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke
- Allergens like pollen or dust
- Overuse of the voice (e.g. yelling, singing)
-
Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)
Stomach acid backing up into the throat can cause chronic irritation and a burning sensation.
Symptoms to Watch Out For
Most sore throats come with a set of common symptoms, though severity can vary depending on the underlying cause:
- Scratchy or burning sensation
- Pain when swallowing or talking
- Dry throat
- Swollen tonsils, sometimes with white spots
- Hoarseness or loss of voice
- Swollen glands in the neck
- Fever or chills (especially with infections)
When to See a Doctor
You should seek medical advice if you experience:
- A sore throat lasting longer than one week
- Difficulty breathing or swallowing
- A high fever (above 38.5°C)
- A rash or joint pain
- Frequent sore throats or chronic symptoms
- Suspected strep throat (especially in children)
Persistent or severe symptoms may indicate a more serious infection or an underlying condition like tonsillitis or laryngitis that needs further treatment.
Remedies for Sore Throat Relief
At-Home Remedies
For mild or viral sore throats, these natural remedies can help soothe irritation:
- Honey and warm water – coats and soothes the throat
- Saltwater gargle – reduces swelling and bacteria
- Steam inhalation – eases dryness and irritation
- Herbal teas – chamomile or licorice root may have anti-inflammatory effects
- Hydration – drink plenty of fluids to keep the throat moist
- Over-the-Counter Options
OTC options
Pharmacy treatments provide quick and effective relief for moderate to severe sore throats:
- Lozenges – such as Chloralieve, often containing antiseptics or mild anaesthetics
- Throat sprays – like Ultra Chloraseptic, providing fast-acting pain relief
- Paracetamol or ibuprofen – to reduce inflammation and discomfort
Conclusion
Sore throats are usually mild and pass on their own, but it’s important to recognise when symptoms might indicate something more serious. With the right combination of at-home care and over-the-counter treatments, most sore throats can be managed quickly and effectively.
If in doubt, especially if symptoms persist or worsen, speak to a pharmacist or GP for tailored advice.
References